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Alexander Graham Bell (March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish scientist and inventor who emigrated to Canada. Today, Bell is widely considered as one of the foremost developers alexander grahm bell of the telephone, together with Antonio Meucci, inventor of the first telephone prototype, and Philipp Reis. Six years after having obtained his telephone patent he became a naturalized citizen of the United alexander grahambell States. In addition to Bell's work in telecommunications technology, he was responsible for important advances in aviation and hydrofoil technology.

Biography

Alexander Bell alexaner graham bell was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, on March 3, 1847. He later adopted the middle name 'Graham' out of admiration for Alexander alexander graaham bell Graham, a family friend. Many called Bell "the father of the Deaf." This title may be regarded as ironic, due to his belief in the alexandr graham bell practice of eugenics as well as his strong audist stance. While both his mother and his wife were deaf, he hoped to one day eliminate hereditary deafness.

His family was associated with the teaching of elocution: his grandfather in alexander graham bel London, his uncle in Dublin, and his father, Alexander Melville Bell, in Edinburgh, were all professed elocutionists. The latter has published a variety of works alexanderr graham bell on the subject, several of which are well known, alexandre graham bell especially his treatise on Visible Speech, which appeared in Edinburgh in 1868. In this he explains his method of instructing deaf mutes, by means of their eyesight, how to articulate words, and also how to read what other people are saying by the motions of allexander graham bell their lips.

Bell was educated at the Royal High School of alexandergraham bell Edinburgh, from which he graduated at the age of 13. At the age of 16 he secured a position as a pupil-teacher of elocution and music in Weston House Academy, at Elgin, Moray, Scotland. The next year alexander grahma bell he went to the University of Edinburgh. He graduated from University College London.

From 1867 alexande graham bell to 1868, he was an instructor at Somerset College at Bath, Somerset, England.

While still in Scotland he is said to have turned his attention to the science of acoustics, with a view alexander grahamm bell to ameliorate the deafness of his mother.

In 1870, at the age of 23, he emigrated with his family to Canada where alexander grahan bell they settled at Brantford. Before he left Scotland, Bell had turned his attention to telephony, and alexader graham bell in Canada he continued an interest in communication machines. He designed a piano which could transmit its music to a distance by means of electricity. In 1871, he accompanied his father to Montreal, Canada, where he was employed in teaching alexander graham bell the system of visible speech. The elder Bell was invited to introduce the system into a large day-school for mutes at Boston, but he declined the post in favor biography of alexander graham bell of his son, telephone alexander graham bell who became Professor of Vocal Physiology and Elocution at Boston University's School of Oratory.

At Boston University he continued his research in the same field, and endeavored to produce a history of alexander graham bell telephone which would not only send musical notes, but articulate speech. With alexander graham bell biography financing from his American father-in-law, on March 7, 1876, the U.S. Patent Office granted him Patent Number 174,465 covering "the method of, and apparatus for, transmitting vocal or other sounds telegraphically … by causing electrical undulations, similar alexander graham bell childhood in form to the vibrations of the air accompanying the said vocal or other sound", the telephone.

However, it pictures of alexander graham bell has been recognized (such as by the U.S. Congress in 2002) that Antonio Meucci was the first to invent the telephone in 1871. Bell invented his own telephone in 1875 after discovering that a receiver alexander graham bell inventor could also be a transmitter. Some claim he went to the patent office and bribed the officials alexander graham bell telephone invented there to destroy the records of Meucci's inventor-of-the-telephone status (Meucci was too poor to secure a patent).^{citation needed]} In any case Bell then secured his own patent in 1876, just hours before Elisha Gray visited the patent office for his own work on the telephone. Meucci was understandably furious, and took timeline for alexander graham bell Bell to court. However, he was too poor to hire a legal team, and in declining health, he died before the end of alexander graham bell born the court case. To Bell's credit, he alexander graham bell voice recording of first phone call successfully fought off several lawsuits, refined the telephone, and developed it into one of the most successful products. The Bell Telephone Company was created in 1877, and by 1886 over 150,000 interesting facts about alexander graham bell people in the U.S. owned telephones and Bell became a millionaire.

After obtaining the patent for the telephone, Bell continued his many experiments in communication, which culminated in the invention alexander graham bell lived of the photophone-transmission of sound on a beam of light — a precursor alexander graham bell telephone of today's optical fiber systems. He also worked in medical research and invented techniques for teaching speech to the deaf. The range of Bell's inventive genius is represented only in part by the eighteen patents granted in his name alone and the twelve he shared with alexander graham bell family tree his collaborators. These included fourteen for alexander graham bell first idea of the telephone the telephone and telegraph, four for the photophone, one for the phonograph, five for aerial vehicles, four for hydroairplanes, and two for a selenium cell.

Bell had many ideas that were later realized in inventions. During facts about alexander graham bell his Volta Laboratory period, Bell and his associates considered impressing a magnetic field on a record, who is alexander graham bell as a means of reproducing sound. Although the trio briefly experimented with the concept, they were unable to develop a workable prototype. They abandoned the idea, never realizing they had glimpsed alexander graham bell picture gallery a basic principle which would one day find its application in the tape recorder, the hard disc and floppy disc drive, and alexander graham bell pictures other magnetic media.

Bell's own home used a primitive form of air conditioning, in which fans blew currents of air across great blocks of ice. He also anticipated modern concerns with fuel shortages and industrial pollution. Methane gas, he reasoned, could be produced alexander graham bell quotes from the waste of farms and factories. At his Canadian estate in Beinn Bhreagh, Nova Scotia, where did alexander graham bell grow up he experimented with composting toilets and devices to capture water from the atmosphere. In a alexander graham bell inventions magazine interview published shortly before his death, he reflected on the possibility of using solar panels to heat houses.

In 1882, he became a naturalized citizen of the United alexander graham bell museum States. In 1888, he was one of the founding members of the National Geographic Society and became its second president. He was the recipient of many honors. alexander graham bell museum boston The French Government conferred on him the decoration of the Légion d'honneur (Legion of Honor), the Académie française bestowed on him the Volta Prize of 50,000 francs, the Royal Society alexander graham bell timeline of Arts in London awarded him the Albert Medal telephones by alexander graham bell in 1902, and the University of Würzburg, Bavaria, granted him a Ph.D. He was awarded the AIEE's Edison Medal in 1914 for "For meritorious achievement in the invention of the telephone."

Bell married Mabel Hubbard, who was one of his pupils at Boston University and also a deaf-mute, on July 11, var alexander graham bell som fick patent 1877. His invention of the telephone resulted from his attempts to create a device that would allow him to communicate alexander graham bell all inventions with his wife and his deaf mother. He died of a heart attack at Beinn Bhreagh, located on Nova Scotia's Cape Breton Island near the alexander graham bell and death village of Baddeck, in 1922 was buried atop Beinn Bhreagh mountain overlooking Bras d'Or Lake. He was survived by his wife and two of their four children.

The alexander graham bell childhood life photophone

Another of Bell's inventions was the photophone, a device enabling the transmission of sound over a beam of light, which he developed alexander graham bell die together with Charles Sumner Tainter. The device employed light-sensitive cells of crystalline selenium, which has the alexander graham bell education property that its electrical resistance varies inversely with the illumination (i.e., the resistance is alexander graham bell family life higher when the material is in the dark, and lower when it is lighted). The basic principle was to modulate a beam of light directed at a receiver made of crystalline selenium, to which a telephone was alexander graham bell in science attached. The modulation was done either by means of a vibrating mirror, or a rotating disk periodically obscuring the light beam. "STREETLIGHT MANIFESTO IS THE BEST"

This idea was by no means new. Selenium had been discovered alexander graham bell invented telephone by Jöns Jakob Berzelius in 1817, and the peculiar properties of crystalline or granulate selenium were discovered by Willoughby Smith in 1873. In 1878, alexander graham bell patent one writer with bio of alexander graham bell the initials J.F.W. from Kew an arrangement in Nature in a column appearing on June 13, asking the readers whether any experiments in that direction had already been done. In his paper on the photophone, quotes about alexander graham bell Bell credited one A. C. Browne of London with the independent discovery in 1878—the same year Bell became aware of the idea. Bell and Tainter, however, were apparently the first to perform a successful experiment, by when did alexander graham bell die no means any easy task, as they even had to produce the selenium cells with the desired resistance characteristics themselves.

In one experiment in Washington, D.C. the alexander graham bell telephone patent application sender and the receiver were placed on different buildings some 700 feet (213 metres) apart. The sender alexander graham bell pic of him as a kid consisted of a mirror directing sunlight onto the mouthpiece, where the light beam was modulated by invention of the telephone by alexander graham bell a vibrating mirror, focused by a lens and directed at the receiver, which was simply a parabolic reflector with the selenium cells in the focus and the telephone attached. With alexander graham bell a mason this setup, Bell and Tainter succeeded to communicate clearly.

The photophone was patented on December 18, 1880, but the quality of communication remained poor and the research was not pursued by Bell. Later alexander graham bell auto biography on this helped in the discovery of fiber optics and laser information on alexander graham bell disabilities communication systems.

Metal detector

Bell is also credited with the invention of the metal detector in 1881. The device was hurriedly put together in an attempt to find the bullet in the body of U.S. President life of alexander graham bell James Garfield. The metal detector worked, but didn't find the bullet because the metal bedframe alexander graham bell photo the President was lying on confused the instrument. Bell gave a full account of his experiments in a paper read before the American Association for the Advancement of family life of alexander graham bell Science in August 1882. Though unsuccessful in its first incarnation, this achievement would eventually change the nature of alexander graham bell and the telephone physical security.

The hydrofoil

The March 1906 Scientific American article by American hydrofoil pioneer William E. Meacham explained the basic principle of hydrofoils. Bell considered the invention of the hydroplane as a very significant achievement. Based alexander graham bell as a child on information gained from that article he began to sketch concepts of what is now called a hydrofoil boat.

Bell and alexander graham bell diary entrys Casey Baldwin began hydrofoil experimentation in the summer of 1908 as a possible aid to airplane takeoff from water. Baldwin studied the work of the Italian inventor Enrico Forlanini and began testing models. This alexander graham bell school led him and Bell to the development of practical hydrofoil watercraft.

During his world tour of 1910–1911 Bell and Baldwin met with Forlanini in France. They had rides in alexander graham bells family the Forlanini hydrofoil boat over Lake Maggiore. Baldwin described it as being as smooth as flying. On returning to Baddeck a biography on alexander graham bell number of designs were tried culminating in the HD-4, using Renault engines. biography on alexander graham bells death A top speed of 54 miles per hour was achieved, with rapid acceleration, good stability and steering, and the ability to take waves without difficulty.In 1913, Dr. Bell hired Walter Pinaud, a ebaycom save money and buy alexander graham bell on ebay Sydney yacht designer and builder as well as the proprietor of Pinaud's Yacht Yard in Westmount, Nova Scotia to work on the pontoons of the HD-4. Pinaud soon took over the boatyard impact of alexander graham bell at Bell Laboratories on Beinn Bhreagh, Bell's estate near Baddeck, the first phone alexander graham bell Nova Scotia. Pinaud's experience in boatbuilding enabled him to make useful design changes to the HD-4 however soon WWI intervened. After WWI work began again on the HD-4. where did alexander graham bell live Bell's report to the navy permitted him to obtain two 350 horsepower (260 kW) engines in July 1919. On September 9, 1919 the HD-4 set a world's marine speed record of world record, hydrodome iv, alexander graham bell 70.86 miles per hour.

Aeronautics

Bell was a supporter of aerospace engineering alexander graham bell and telephone research through the Aerial Experiment Association, officially formed at Baddeck, Nova Scotia in October 1907 at the suggestion of Mrs. Mabel Bell and with her financial support. alexander graham bell association It was headed by the inventor himself. The founding members were four young men, American Glenn H. Curtiss, a motorcycle manufacturer who would alexander graham bell epitaph later be awarded the Scientific American Trophy for the first official one-kilometre flight in the Western hemisphere and later be world-renowned as an airplane manufacturer; Frederick W. "Casey" alexander graham bell family Baldwin, the first Canadian and first British subject to pilot a public flight in Hammondsport, New York; J.A.D. McCurdy; and Lieutenant Thomas Selfridge, an official observer from the U.S. government. One of the project's inventions, the aileron, is a alexander graham bell photos standard component of aircraft today. (The aileron was alexander graham bell silver dart also invented independently by Robert Esnault-Pelterie.)

Bell experimented with box kites and wings constructed of multiple compound tetrahedral kites covered in silk. The tetrahedral wings were named Cygnet alexander graham bells first telephone I, II and III, and were flown both unmanned and manned (Cygnet I crashed during a flight carrying Selfridge) in the period from 1907-1912. Some of Bell's kites are on display at the Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site.

Other guiness world records, alexander graham bell Inventions

Bell had made many other inventions in his life. They include the metal jacket that assists in breathing, the how did alexander graham bell invent the telephone audiometer to detect minor hearing problems, a device that locates icebergs, images of alexander graham bell investigated on how to separate salt from seawater, and also worked on finding alternative fuels.

Eugenics

Along with many very prominent thinkers and scientists of the time, Bell was connected with the eugenics movement in the United States. From 1912 until 1918 he inventions of alexander graham bell was the chairman of the board of scientific advisors to james a. garfield alexander graham bell the Eugenics Record Office associated with Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in New York, and regularly attended meetings. In 1921 he was the honorary president of the Second International Congress pictures of alexander graham bells telephone of Eugenics held under the auspices of the American Museum of Natural History in New York. Organizations such as these advocated passing laws quotes by alexander graham bell (with success in some states) that established the compulsory sterilization of people deemed to be, as Bell called them, a "defective variety of the human race." By the late 1930s about half the states in the US had eugenics laws, the California laws salem alexander graham bell being used as a model for eugenics laws in Nazi Germany.

His ideas about people signifacant events alexander graham bell he considered defective centered on the deaf. This was due to his feelings for his deaf family and his contact with deaf education. In addition to advocating sterilization of the deaf, Bell wished to prohibit when did alexander graham bell become a student teacher deaf teachers from being allowed to teach when was alexander graham bell born in schools for the deaf, he worked to outlaw the marriage of deaf individuals to one another, and he was an ardent supporter of oralism over sign language. His avowed goal was to eradicate the language and culture of the deaf so as where did alexander graham bell die to force where was alexander graham bell born them to assimilate into the hearing culture for their own long-term benefit and for the benefit of society at large. Although this attitude is widely seen as paternalistic and arrogant today, it was mainstream in that era. See also: audism.

Although he supported what many would consider a biography of alexander graham bell harsh and inhumane policies today, he was not unkind to a quote by alexander graham bell deaf individuals who supported his theories of oralism. He was a personal and longtime friend of Helen Keller (although she hated being deaf), and his wife Mabel was deaf, though none of their children were. Bell was known as alexander graham bell + family a kindly father and loving family man who took great pleasure in playing with his many grandchildren.

Tributes

In the early 1970s, alexander graham bell + hydrofoil UK rock group The Sweet recorded a tribute to Bell and the telephone, suitably titled "Alexander Graham Bell". The song gives a fictional account of the invention, in which Bell devises the alexander graham bell - diary entrys alexander graham bell and the metal decatur telephone so he can talk to his girlfriend who lives on the other side of the United States. The song reached the top 40 in the UK and went alexander graham bell animations on to sell over one million recordings world-wide.

Another musical tribute to Bell was written by the British songwriter and guitarist Richard Thompson. The chorus of Thompson's songreminds the listener that "of course there was the telephone, he'd be famous for alexander graham bell birth certificate that alone, but there's fifty other things as well from alexander graham bell birthday Alexander Graham Bell". The song mentions Bell's work with discs rather than cylinders, the hydrofoil, Bell's work with the deaf, his invention of the respirator and several other of Bell's achievements.

Bell was alexander graham bell children honored on the television programs the 100 Greatest Britons (2002), the top-ten Greatest Canadians (2004), and the 100 Greatest Americans (2005). alexander graham bell descendants The nominees and rankings for these programs were determined by popular vote. Bell was the only person to be on more than one of alexander graham bell families names the programs.

There is also a school located in Ajax, Ontario, Canada called Alexander Graham Bell Public School. One of the residence halls at Rochester Institute of Technology adjacent to the National Technical Institute for alexander graham bell first phone call the Deaf building is Alexander Graham Bell Hall.

alexander graham bell

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Contents

Biography

The alexander graham bell childhood life photophone

Metal detector

The hydrofoil

Aeronautics

Other guiness world records, alexander graham bell Inventions

Eugenics

Tributes

See also

External links

Patents